{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/penalties",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:penalties",
 "name": "Penalties",
 "termCode": "penalties",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/penalties.md",
 "sha256": "7b9440d7d4c68e04e48cd5f9baaad90082501705a8db2325f63f165e18a15574",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 4
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-011",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-011",
   "text": "Noncompliance with a CIA carries serious penalties, because the OIG may prosecute the company or seek its exclusion from federal health care programs.",
   "abstract": "Upon noncompliance with the terms of a CIA, the OIG can prosecute the company or seek its exclusion from federal health care programs.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "term of an executed CIA"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-018",
   "text": "If the government finds problems on inspection it can escalate beyond the CIA's own substantive provisions to criminal prosecution, fines, additional CIAs, and exclusion from federally funded health care programs.",
   "abstract": "These penalties include criminal prosecution, fines, additional CIAs, and exclusion from federally funded health care programs.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "government inspection of a company operating under a CIA"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-014",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2714974-014",
   "text": "Adopting a generic compliance program is not sufficient under Rule 206(4)-7: advisers that fail to specifically tailor their compliance program to their own business have incurred large penalties in SEC enforcement.",
   "abstract": "Failure on the part of advisers to specifically tailor a compliance program for their business has led to large penalties.",
   "citation": "Kaal and Oesterle, The History of Hedge Fund Regulation in the United States (2016). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2714974",
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies to funds subject to Rule 206(4)-7"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7764601d3ed5bb056b58949e8411eff9dfb9855f143719062030c980c5fa801b",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-033",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3373393-033",
   "text": "Non-performance reputational penalties in a DAO are entirely free from racial or cultural biases, because the token holders imposing them are unlikely to even know each other.",
   "abstract": "Crucially, non-performance reputational penalties are entirely free from racial or cultural biases and associated implications as the token holders are unlikely to even know each other.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3373393",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "DAOs where token holders are pseudonymous and mutually unknown"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "4d1424b9ba9aff8a61bc7a0dddd02cded93785e5843685dde76c07dcdb23961e",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'penalties'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}