{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/preemption",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:preemption",
 "name": "Preemption",
 "termCode": "preemption",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/preemption.md",
 "sha256": "3d9015188dd4ecf62f79b5530170360abd5f8dfcd035cdebc8943f7b15bf5713",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2012",
    "2021"
   ]
  },
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-008",
   "text": "Harmonization is politically unattainable absent either a central authority able to preempt the law of many jurisdictions or a single jurisdiction with enough economic clout to impose its rules on others, which makes harmonization especially difficult beyond national borders.",
   "abstract": "Second, harmonization is difficult to accomplish politi- cally unless there is a central authority that can preempt the law in a multitude of jurisdictions or, alternatively, a jurisdic- tion has so much economic clout that it can impose its rules on others.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "cross border harmonization",
    "no supranational preemptive authority exists"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-035",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3936876-035",
   "text": "Becoming an OCC regulated trust is one route by which crypto exchanges can operate nationwide without securing state level licenses in each of the 49 states that require one.",
   "abstract": "Becoming an OCC-regulated trust is one way crypto exchanges can operate nationwide without needing to secure state-level licenses in each of the 49 different U.S. states (Montana doesn't have a licensing requirement).",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States, national trust charter route"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'preemption'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}