{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/private-litigation",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:private-litigation",
 "name": "Private litigation",
 "termCode": "private-litigation",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/private-litigation.md",
 "sha256": "da3c2aed0b5e6f503f057d6ad1c4a842b28690240d185b71c9b445c998e6e27f",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2010",
    "2012"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-005",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-005",
   "text": "Because many countries choose to combat securities fraud through government enforcement rather than private litigation, the United States should respect the right of other countries to regulate their own markets.",
   "abstract": "respect the right of other countries to regulate their own markets.",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "countries that rely on public enforcement rather than private class actions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-001",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-001",
   "text": "After Morrison, parties to securities transactions can be confident that U.S. law will not apply in private suits so long as their transactions are definitively located outside the United States, a certainty that did not exist under the prior conduct and effects tests.",
   "abstract": "after Morrison transacting parties can be confident that U.S. law will not apply in private suits provided their transac- tions are definitively outside the United States.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "private lawsuits, not SEC or DOJ enforcement",
    "transaction location is unambiguous"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'private-litigation'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}