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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/private-rights-of-action",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:private-rights-of-action",
 "name": "Private rights of action",
 "termCode": "private-rights-of-action",
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  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": "derived"
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   "value": 3
  },
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   "value": 2
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
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   "value": [
    "2012",
    "2016"
   ]
  },
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  }
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-011",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-011",
   "text": "Jurisdictional competition in global securities litigation after Morrison will be bifurcated, because some jurisdictions recognize private rights of action while others do not, and some, including the United States, extend government enforcement extraterritorially where private suits are barred.",
   "abstract": "Bifurcated jurisdictional competition will characterize global securities litigation after Morrison because some juris- dictions recognize private rights of action whereas others do not,",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "post-Morrison global securities litigation"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2029983-013",
   "text": "Because Section 929P did not restore private rights of action, the most powerful weapon in plaintiffs' arsenal, the fraud-on-the-market theory in class actions, is thwarted wherever the transaction took place outside the United States.",
   "abstract": "most powerful weapon in plaintiffs' arsenal, the fraud-on-the- market theory in class actions, is thus thwarted in those in- stances where transactions are outside the United States.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "private class actions over non-U.S. transactions",
    "SEC and DOJ actions remain possible"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-012",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2715083-012",
   "text": "Hedge fund investors have almost no statutory remedy: the regime establishing a hedge fund investor's rights is severely limited, nearly to the point of nonexistence, in the United States and in the offshore jurisdictions where many hedge funds are chartered.",
   "abstract": "because the statutory regime establishing a hedge fund investor's right is severely limited,23 almost to the point of non-existence",
   "citation": "Kaal, Confluence of Mutual and Private Funds (2016). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2715083",
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States, Cayman Islands, and British Virgin Islands"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "b5c92186260d4a8499a14f81ee24ace093b24e7740af3effcd1c526fa4fa221e",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'private-rights-of-action'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}