{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/proportionality",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:proportionality",
 "name": "Proportionality",
 "termCode": "proportionality",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/proportionality.md",
 "sha256": "3fd454bcb03d8e53aca6efe2bd58bb88da5e7fd0a6594dc769a65cfc9e0ae958",
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   "value": 3
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   "value": 2
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2019",
    "2025"
   ]
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   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-036",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3396542-036",
   "text": "Assuming all agents are active underwriters, the DAO's rules can be designed so that the proportion of policies an agent writes in the long run is commensurate with that agent's proportion of token holdings.",
   "abstract": "In general, assuming all agents are active underwriters, the rules can be designed to ensure that the proportion of policies written by an agent in the long run is commensurate with the proportion of the agent's token holdings.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Decentralized Underwriting (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3396542",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "all agents are active underwriters"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ce2bda03a0b788ea3e7747f02c3c351ef7c808a41150d5cda34767bbe98800c0",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-012",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5583610-012",
   "text": "LER survives Delaware scrutiny only if it is deployed non-discriminatorily and proportionately with the welfare of the whole shareholder body in view, responding to a genuine threat rather than entrenching management.",
   "abstract": "LER complies with Delaware law requirements if LER is deployed non-discriminatorily, proportionately, and with a focus on overall shareholder welfare. To accomplish this, LER must respond to genuine threats without entrenching management.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards in Corporate America (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5583610",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Delaware fiduciary review of a deployed LER program"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d73609d95ddb1573acc2a9e7af617fbe6283d6e591deb6317f6d5d804517c62",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5583610-013",
   "text": "If LER rewards are set so generously that they effectively purchase shareholder votes, the program becomes disproportionate or coercive and courts will invalidate it.",
   "abstract": "If LERs are disproportionately or coercively implemented, such as for example overly generous voucher rewards that effectively buy stockholder votes, then LER would violate the applicable requirements and risk invalidation by courts.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards in Corporate America (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5583610",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "reward size large enough to buy votes",
    "Delaware enhanced scrutiny"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d73609d95ddb1573acc2a9e7af617fbe6283d6e591deb6317f6d5d804517c62",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'proportionality'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}