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   "text": "Modern Western democracies, which the authors treat as the largest DAOs ever assembled, show that a network whose members hold diverse values can be united by protocol centralization, and that the destabilizing effect of that protocol centralization can be ameliorated by power decentralization through dynamic governance design.",
   "abstract": "Analyzing modern Western democracies, the largest DAOs ever as- sembled, shows networks of members with diverse values can be united with proto- col centralization, and its destabilizing effect can be ameliorated by power- decentralization through dynamic design of governance.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "text": "When a law is written down rigorously, specifying precisely what is acceptable and unacceptable, competition obliges people to find the most efficient behavior available inside those rules, which is typically behavior located right at the boundary of what is permissible.",
   "abstract": "When a law is written down rigorously, specifying precisely what is acceptable and not acceptable, people are obligated by competition to find the most efficient behavior possible within those rules.",
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   "text": "The centralized hierarchy built by the Chinese Communist Revolution was extremely successful at the military goal it was designed for, but once the military threat was gone it failed completely at solving other important problems, producing catastrophic reforms such as the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward.",
   "abstract": "This centralized hierarchy was extremely successful at the military goal it was designed for, but completely failed at solving other important problems once the military threat was gone.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
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    "China from 1949 until Mao Zedong's death in 1976"
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   "text": "Democracy itself decentralizes power, but to unify a large population holding diverse values the United States relies on rigid protocol centralization from a Rule-of-Law legal system, whose statutory clarity supplies the fairness and transparency that diverse groups require.",
   "abstract": "Democracy itself decentralizes power. However, to bring unity to a large population with diverse values, the United States has rigid protocol-centralization from a Rule- of-Law legal system.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193",
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   "text": "In designing governance for large global networks, protocol centralization is necessary in order to display objective fairness, yet that same protocol centralization leads to instability, which is the core design tension the chapter's historical cases are meant to resolve.",
   "abstract": "Protocol centralization is necessary to display objective fairness, but this leads to instability.",
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   "text": "Hash functions let a leaderless network reach consensus on identity and ordering, because every node independently hashes a transaction's data and deterministically arrives at the same unique identifier that everyone recognizes.",
   "abstract": "Thanks to the hash function, every node in the network hashes the transaction's data and independently arrives at the same an- swer, giving the transaction a unique ID that everyone recognizes.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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   "text": "Strict letter of the law regimes, which the authors call protocol centralization, produce rigid and temporarily efficient hierarchies, but that same rigidity generates instability and eventual collapse.",
   "abstract": "When the laws were strict—Rule by Law—then the hierarchy formed rigidly and was very efficient temporarily, before its rigidity led to its instability and eventual collapse. This is pro- tocol centralization.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, A Technical Perspective on Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782203",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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    "historical rule by law systems",
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   "text": "Protocol centralization, meaning rigid and immediately enforced rules such as those executed by smart contracts, leads to instability unless it is implemented wisely.",
   "abstract": "However, protocol centralization leads to instability if it is not implemented wisely.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, A Technical Perspective on Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782203",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "asserted",
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    "smart contract enforced protocols",
    "politically decentralized networks"
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   "text": "Science is politically decentralized because no person, university, institution, or nation controls whether a theory becomes established fact, yet this global Science DAO is highly protocol centralized around objective universal truth.",
   "abstract": "Science as a globally open discipline is extremely decentralized politically. No per- son, university, institution, or nation has monopoly control over whether any theory becomes established scientific fact. But this global Science DAO is very protocol cen-",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, The Importance of Transcendental Unifying Values for Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782220",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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 "description": "9 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'protocol-centralization'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
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