{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/public-enforcement",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:public-enforcement",
 "name": "Public enforcement",
 "termCode": "public-enforcement",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/public-enforcement.md",
 "sha256": "71a17a88944a6df97dd8e13be7e793c774ba551fac1379e0d62a48296126038d",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2010",
    "2013"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-005",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1664809-005",
   "text": "Because many countries choose to combat securities fraud through government enforcement rather than private litigation, the United States should respect the right of other countries to regulate their own markets.",
   "abstract": "respect the right of other countries to regulate their own markets.",
   "citation": "Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809",
   "datePublished": "2010",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "countries that rely on public enforcement rather than private class actions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d5c8c30f969f8eb613bfa1fe6888a7cfa1a452e1027bcda0489618ceac62c20",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-041",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2337268-041",
   "text": "With private enforcement foreclosed, enforcement of the IAA's prohibited transactions provision depends entirely on injunctive relief, administrative sanctions, and criminal prosecution, all of which require public actors to move.",
   "abstract": "Accordingly, the enforcement of the IAA's prohibited transactions provision is relegated to injunctive relief, administrative sanctions, and criminal prosecution.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Investment Adviser Regulation (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2337268",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "enforcement against violations of the prohibited transactions provision"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "7075ce35282a8ee75b81ae3dec0e19f68631beae7f3c3a00ab2827538dc9e302",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'public-enforcement'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}