# Reliability

`kaal:entity:reliability`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 3 claims that carry the concept tag `reliability`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

3 claims across 3 works, 2021 to 2025.

**2021**

- [3782217-008](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-008) [mechanism/argued] -- A robust decentralized oracle finds better information because averaging across a crowd is typically better for complex situations, being less subject to the prejudices of individuals who hold more limited information, so overestimates and underestimates offset each other.
  > A robust decentralized oracle would find better information. The wisdom of the crowd can be employed to discover the truth. Averaging information is typically better for any complex situation, since they're less subject to the prejudices of the individual, who has more limited information.
  Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, The Importance of History In Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782217

**2024**

- [4796714-010](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-010) [failure/evidenced] *(failure mode)* -- Federated learning lacks theoretical guarantees of reliability and robustness, which makes its behavior unpredictable in practical applications.
  > Additionally, FL lacks theoretical guarantees that ensure reliability and robustness, making it less predictable for practical applications.
  Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4796714

**2025**

- [5541658-007](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-007) [failure/evidenced] *(failure mode)* -- Retrieval-augmented generation reduces but does not eliminate hallucination: leading legal research tools including Lexis+AI and Westlaw AI-Assisted Research still generate false citations or facts in 17 to 33 percent of cases.
  > the risk of "hallucinations," where AI generates false legal citations or facts, as observed in tools like Lexis+AI and Westlaw AI-Assisted Research, which hallucinate in 17–33% of cases.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Morgan A. Gray, The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5541658

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/reliability.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.