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 "name": "Remedies",
 "termCode": "remedies",
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-035",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-035",
   "text": "Choosing another Member State's courts as the forum can silently strip substantive rights: if the forum state treats an unavailable remedy such as money damages as procedural and refuses to hear the claim, the charter has opted out of substantive law of the state of incorporation that ordinarily could not be waived.",
   "abstract": "If so, the corporate charter, by selecting Member State B as a forum opts out of an important part of the substantive corporate law of Member State A, even if Member State A ordinarily does not allow corporate charters to opt out of suits for money damages.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Member States such as Germany that limit or deny money damages in internal affairs disputes"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-025",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2470008-025",
   "text": "Expanding the uses of Form PF data remains difficult so long as there is insufficient confidence in the accuracy of what advisers report, notwithstanding SEC efforts to improve quality through interpretive FAQs and curative amendments.",
   "abstract": "expanding the utility of Form PF data without sufficient confidence in the accuracy of the information provided by investment advisers on Form PF remains difficult",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, The Systemic Risk of Private Funds after the Dodd-Frank Act (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2470008",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "current state of Form PF data accuracy",
    "SEC remedial measures limited to FAQs and curative amendments"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "5f68a401c935527d89658171e9b48a4d186710459aaf2bdbead755507394e8c9",
   "status": "current"
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-015",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2831040-015",
   "text": "The three core law and technology proposals for the pacing problem, regulation via the judiciary, early stage regulation of innovation, and principles based regulation, all have practical limitations and none of them uses dynamic regulatory elements.",
   "abstract": "None of these proposals uses dynamic regulatory elements. By contrast, dynamic regulation emphasizes dynamic elements in regulating innovation.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Dynamic Regulation for Innovation (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2831040",
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "de5156f14f44a5753cab55b6c4b03049eda58a143b99e08ef427aee1d261e1bf",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2939127-027",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2939127-027",
   "text": "Contract law rules on formation, interpretation, conditions, and remedies require substantive adjustment before smart contracts can be accommodated.",
   "abstract": "Contractual legal rules regarding formation, interpretation, conditions, and remedies require substantive adjustments of smart contracts in contract law.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in the Blockchain Revolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2939127",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "existing contract law doctrine applied to blockchain smart contracts"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "abcef529c7200261c59eec43018375b3b26e3186239fb9d002bacc298dba26ff",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2992962-018",
   "text": "To institute traditional remedies where a smart contract transaction disadvantages one of the parties, courts would have to change the blockchain, and that is computationally and practically impossible.",
   "abstract": "courts would have to change the blockchain in order to institute remedies in the traditional sense that could pertain to the smart contract in question. However, that scenario is computationally and practically impossible.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Craig Calcaterra, Crypto Transaction Dispute Resolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2992962",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "transactions already executed and added to an immutable blockchain"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "80b92e67594394e38af41b769327936833de8e25d6cf3def966a6ba13bc83d17",
   "status": "current"
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-037",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3017612-037",
   "text": "Damages are usually an inadequate remedy for breach of a shareholder agreement because they are too speculative, even where the aggrieved shareholder holds a direct cause of action.",
   "abstract": "Damages for breaches of provisions of valid shareholder agreements are often too speculative to provide and adequate remedy, even though the individual has a direct cause of action.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "breach of a valid shareholder agreement"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-038",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3017612-038",
   "text": "Because damages rarely provide an adequate remedy for breach of a shareholder agreement, refusing specific enforcement amounts in substance to declaring the agreement invalid.",
   "abstract": "Most often a suit for damages does not provide an adequate remedy for a breach of a shareholder agreement, so the denial of specific enforcement essentially declares the agreement invalid.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "suits to enforce shareholder voting agreements"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac",
   "status": "current"
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-033",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3606663-033",
   "text": "Accountability is a structural concern in DeFi: without a central entity it can become unclear who is responsible for wrongdoing, and when problems arise no central party can freeze transactions, fix problems, or restore normal operations.",
   "abstract": "\"Without central entity involvement, who should be held accountable for potential wrongdoing can become unclear. Who do you resort to for help? When problems arise, no central party can take actions to freeze transactions, fix problems and restore normal operations.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Digital Asset Market Evolution (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3606663",
   "datePublished": "2020",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "fully decentralized finance systems without a central operator"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "d1d4a15a293b715bb6a5a32e689f59c3a1587915039ba9a1cf4eeb8ee2a1e57c",
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-020",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5554218-020",
   "text": "Unlike legal systems that balance enforcement against fairness, the binary execution of code offers no mechanism for appeal or mitigation, which limits recourse for aggrieved parties and challenges basic notions of justice.",
   "abstract": "Unlike legal systems, which balance enforcement with fairness, code's binary execution lacks mechanisms for appeal or mitigation, challenging notions of justice.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "automated on chain enforcement without human adjudication"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44",
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 "description": "9 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'remedies'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}