# Risk monitoring

`kaal:entity:risk-monitoring`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 2 claims that carry the concept tag `risk-monitoring`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

2 claims across 1 works, 2010 to 2010.

**2010**

- [1558614-020](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-020) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Director independence does not produce effective risk monitoring: as the failure of independent director oversight at Lehman Brothers and other large U.S. financial firms shows, independent directors cannot monitor risk when managers, accountants and lawyers keep them in the dark.
  > independent directors cannot effectively monitor for risk if they are kept in the dark by the firm's managers, accountants, lawyers, and other persons familiar with its business
  Painter and Kaal, Initial Reflections on an Evolving Standard Constraints on Risk Taking by Directors and Officers in (2010). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1558614
- [1558614-021](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-021) [mechanism/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Because U.S. companies historically financed themselves through markets rather than through each other, U.S. managers are less attuned to risks accumulating at other firms, a blind spot that mattered once swaps and other complex instruments made firms directly vulnerable to each other's conditions.
  > Historically, U.S. companies have relied on markets for financing more than they have relied on each other, meaning U.S. managers are perhaps less aware than they should be of the risks that are being incurred by companies other than their own.
  Painter and Kaal, Initial Reflections on an Evolving Standard Constraints on Risk Taking by Directors and Officers in (2010). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1558614

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/risk-monitoring.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.