{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/risk",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:risk",
 "name": "Risk",
 "termCode": "risk",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/risk.md",
 "sha256": "2ba9abb21cd5032adebbfd69ee451b7f0c94094226a6179c7cd91824607c4919",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 4
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 4
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2018",
    "2025"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-034",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3227967-034",
   "text": "In a truly decentralized system any mistake, such as a stolen or lost password or a programming bug, is permanent and irrevocable.",
   "abstract": "Remember that in a truly decentralized system, any mistakes (stolen/lost passwords, programming bugs, etc.) are permanent and irrevocable.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in a Digital Age Why 'Coding for Lawyers' Matters (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227967",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "truly decentralized systems with no reversal authority"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "f6e13b956f864ab32ec3305d095a35a127770327d75b3688f785cefc437d369f",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-006",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3936876-006",
   "text": "Self-custody of securities declined in prevalence after the Stock Market Crash of 1929 because investors recognized how inherently risky the bearer certificate system was.",
   "abstract": "Self-custody decreased in prevalence after the Stock Market Crash of 1929 when investors recognized how inherently risky this system was.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "United States securities markets before and after 1929"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-014",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4529715-014",
   "text": "Some DAO governance platforms create more risk than they mitigate, and DAOs that are not well governed are doomed to fail.",
   "abstract": "However, some of these platforms can create more risk than they mitigate. DAOs that are not well-governed are doomed to fail.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Josh Bykowski, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) – A Market Meta Analysis (2023). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4529715",
   "datePublished": "2023",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "platform provided governance templates"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d71961e8c449afbeaf45ca4f53de8a575d45c77d6960b767d3d1d0874f296b5",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5245185-008",
   "text": "AI autonomy introduces unpredictability: agent actions may diverge from intended outcomes, which amplifies the risk of unintended ramifications.",
   "abstract": "AI autonomy introduces unpredictability, wherein actions may diverge from intended outcomes, amplifying risks of unintended ramifications.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How can we Best Monitor AI Agents (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5245185",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "autonomous agents acting without step by step human authorization"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "4d7adba83ec722480e97bde6528cbe9ce98c709e45cb18794f157a64b8fe7da2",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'risk'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}