{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/sanctions",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:sanctions",
 "name": "Sanctions",
 "termCode": "sanctions",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/sanctions.md",
 "sha256": "83fdca27cbd14df28938f9e3e0590bc2c52dbceb3bc68d8b9b2076576722ba07",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2017"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-013",
   "text": "Certification requirements that compel directors and officers to certify compliance with a CIA's provisions lower the procedural and enforcement hurdles for pursuing increased sanctions against noncompliant companies.",
   "abstract": "Certification requirements in CIAs, which require directors and officers to certify compliance with the CIA's provisions, can lower procedural and enforcement hurdles.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "CIAs containing board and officer certification requirements"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2486570-008",
   "text": "At the pre charging stage the government typically holds extraordinary bargaining power, which lets it extract fines and sanctions comparable to those following a criminal conviction while avoiding the risk and cost of trial.",
   "abstract": "The government typically has extraordinary bargaining power at the pre-charging stage, enabling it to extract fines and sanctions similar to those from a criminal conviction69 without the risk and cost of a trial.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570",
   "datePublished": "2014",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies at the pre charging stage"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "8c3981c9a55d8a3fe59a01660584eebc3feb3fb9109ca65344095bebe4ae49a4",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-037",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3071378-037",
   "text": "Reputational penalties for non-performance in a DAO are entirely free from racial implications because token holders are unlikely to even know each other.",
   "abstract": "Crucially, non- performance reputational penalties are entirely free from racial implications as the token holders are unlikely to even know each other.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "pseudonymous token holder communities"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "125f01674d13b6bb0310c4be7a20ff538dccbc36ecf352770b3c580028387edd",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'sanctions'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}