# Sanctions

`kaal:entity:sanctions`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 3 claims that carry the concept tag `sanctions`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

3 claims across 3 works, 2013 to 2017.

**2013**

- [2317580-013](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-013) [mechanism/evidenced] -- Certification requirements that compel directors and officers to certify compliance with a CIA's provisions lower the procedural and enforcement hurdles for pursuing increased sanctions against noncompliant companies.
  > Certification requirements in CIAs, which require directors and officers to certify compliance with the CIA's provisions, can lower procedural and enforcement hurdles.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580

**2014**

- [2486570-008](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-008) [mechanism/argued] -- At the pre charging stage the government typically holds extraordinary bargaining power, which lets it extract fines and sanctions comparable to those following a criminal conviction while avoiding the risk and cost of trial.
  > The government typically has extraordinary bargaining power at the pre-charging stage, enabling it to extract fines and sanctions similar to those from a criminal conviction69 without the risk and cost of a trial.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570

**2017**

- [3071378-037](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-037) [mechanism/argued] -- Reputational penalties for non-performance in a DAO are entirely free from racial implications because token holders are unlikely to even know each other.
  > Crucially, non- performance reputational penalties are entirely free from racial implications as the token holders are unlikely to even know each other.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/sanctions.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.