# Science centralization

`kaal:entity:science-centralization`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 3 claims that carry the concept tag `science-centralization`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

3 claims across 1 works, 2021 to 2021.

**2021**

- [3808852-002](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-002) [mechanism/asserted] -- Because the instruments of scientific development and research are themselves centralized, the scientific consensus they produce is naturally centralized as well.
  > The centralized nature of instruments of scientific development and research results in naturally centralized scientific consensus.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization and Feedback Effects (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808852
- [3808852-003](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-003) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Journal publication incentives systematically bias the scientific record: journals prefer papers that reject the null hypothesis, use big datasets, and show big effect sizes, so significant findings failing those criteria may simply be ignored.
  > Scientific journals typically prefer to publish papers that reject the null hypothesis, use big datasets, and demonstrate big effect sizes. Significant findings that do not meet these criteria may simply be ignored.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization and Feedback Effects (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808852
- [3808852-005](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-005) [empirical/evidenced] *(failure mode)* -- The centralization of scientific methods and output has produced suboptimal outcomes for society, as evidenced by widespread irreproducibility, by non-expert forecasters often outperforming experts, and by random stock selection outperforming expert selection.
  > Non-expert forecasters are often better than expert forecasters.2 Random selection of stocks can produce superior results in comparison with expert selection.3
  Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization and Feedback Effects (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808852

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/science-centralization.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.