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 "name": "Technology adoption",
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2834531-020",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2834531-020",
   "text": "The automobile illustrates how long the old disruption lag was: Benz's engine did not displace the horse and carriage industry, and mainstream adoption came only in 1908 when Ford began mass producing the Model T, decades after the 1879 patent.",
   "abstract": "However, Benz's engine did not disrupt the horse and carriage industry or bring the automobile into the mainstream of everyday life. This only occurred much later, in 1908, when Henry Ford started to mass produce the Model T.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Regulation Tomorrow What Happens When Technology Is Faster Than the Law (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2834531",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
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   "scope_conditions": [
    "the origins of the modern automobile industry"
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2922176-021",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2922176-021",
   "text": "Despite the obvious benefits of technology applications in corporate governance, the technological revolution has not yet produced wide acceptance of unmediated or decentralized corporate governance structures and practices.",
   "abstract": "the technological revolution has not yet precipitated a wide acceptance of more unmediated/decentralized corporate governance structures and practices.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, The ‘Unmediated’ and ‘Tech-Driven’ Corporate Governance of Today's Winning Companies (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2922176",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "text": "Law schools that invest early in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain will gain a comparative advantage over peer schools irrespective of ranking, because demand for lawyers trained in those technologies is likely to spike once law firm adoption crosses a threshold.",
   "abstract": "comparative advantage vis-à-vis their peers, regardless of the ranking of such school, because the demand for lawyers adequately trained in artfical intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain is likely to increase sharply at a threshold point of law firm adoption.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in the Blockchain Revolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2939127",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "text": "Once blockchain technology gains wider acceptance and its applications reach consumers, existing legal processes and structures will likely be among the first processes to become redundant.",
   "abstract": "When blockchain technology becomes more widely accepted and applications spread into consumer territory, existing legal processes and structures will likely be among the first processes to become redundant.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in the Blockchain Revolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2939127",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "text": "Most lawyers and law industry representatives underestimate the implications of emerging Legal Tech.",
   "abstract": "Most lawyers and law industry representatives underestimate the implications of the emerging Legal Tech.",
   "citation": "Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in the Blockchain Revolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2939127",
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   "text": "Private fund advisers' increasing use of blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data is a distinct source of downward pressure on the traditional 2/20 fee structure that commentators have not examined.",
   "abstract": "A factor contributing to the market pressure on the fee structure that has not been examined by commentators pertains to the increasing use of use of blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data by private fund advisers.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Applications and Fee Structure Developments in Private Investment Funds (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959730",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "text": "The threshold for change for bigger fund managers is dictated by the implementation cost of the new technologies.",
   "abstract": "The threshold for change for bigger managers may be dictated by the implementation cost of such new technologies.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Applications and Fee Structure Developments in Private Investment Funds (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959730",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "text": "Larger managers will be incentivized to begin the innovation process if and when they realize that smaller competitors using these technologies gain substantial operational efficiencies and cost savings.",
   "abstract": "This, however, may change in the foreseeable future if and when larger managers realize that their smaller competitors who utilize these technologies gain substantial operational efficiencies and cost savings",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Applications and Fee Structure Developments in Private Investment Funds (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959730",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3002908-019",
   "text": "Private investment funds entered the blockchain sector earlier than other financial players, yet because of legacy systems in private fund infrastructure the proportion of funds investing in blockchain is still small.",
   "abstract": "Private investment funds have invested earlier in the blockchain sector than other financial players. Because of legacy systems in the private investment fund infrastructure, the proportion of private investment funds that invest in blockchain technology is still small",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Blockchain Innovation in Private Investment Funds - A Comparative Analysis of the United States and (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3002908",
   "datePublished": "2017",
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   "text": "Larger fund managers will adopt blockchain only once the long term benefits exceed implementation cost, and because that cost is much larger for them than for the smaller managers now experimenting, the threshold is higher for larger managers.",
   "abstract": "If and when the long-term benefits of using the technologies exceed the implementation cost, which are much larger for larger managers than for the smaller managers who are currently experimenting with such technologies, larger managers are incentivized to start the innovation process as well.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Blockchain Innovation in Private Investment Funds - A Comparative Analysis of the United States and (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3002908",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "condition",
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    "assumes larger managers observe smaller competitors gaining operational efficiencies, cost savings, and portfolio diversification"
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-001",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3266953-001",
   "text": "Internet based platform businesses and distributed ledger technology businesses have not reached their full potential, and the core factor holding them back is worldwide decreasing trust in the internet together with under developed trust in decentralized technology solutions.",
   "abstract": "Multiple studies, data, and anecdotal evidence suggest that one core factor that undermines their evolution is the worldwide decreasing trust in the internet and under-developed trust in decentralized technology solutions.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Gopinath Sivalingam, Reputation Protocol for the Internet of Trust - Conceptual Whitepaper (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3266953",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "failure",
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    "distributed ledger technology businesses"
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-004",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3373393-004",
   "text": "Blockchain is not a disruptive technology but a foundational technology, and its transformational impact therefore takes decades rather than years.",
   "abstract": "blockchain technology is not a disruptive technology, it is a foundational technology whose transformational impact takes decades rather than years",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3373393",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "definitional",
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   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3373393-005",
   "text": "Blockchain use cases involve interdependent structures, so development of any one area alone cannot succeed without the simultaneous existence of multiple additional support structures.",
   "abstract": "In other words, development of one area alone cannot be successful as the existence of multiple additional support structures are needed.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3373393",
   "datePublished": "2019",
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  },
  {
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-002",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782205-002",
   "text": "The electrical revolution took more than a century to mature because uniform standards for production, transmission, storage, and utilization had to be developed first, and decentralization faces the same standards bottleneck.",
   "abstract": "This is similar to the electrical revolution that took more than a century to come to fruition, because of the need to develop uniform standards for production, trans- mission, storage, and utilization.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Eight Institutions for the Evolution of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782205",
   "datePublished": "2021",
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    "analogical argument from the history of electrification"
   ],
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-001",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808873-001",
   "text": "Improved incentive design is necessary but not sufficient for decentralization: better decentralized incentive designs can accelerate adoption, yet design alone will not produce the decentralization of business and society, because adoption depends on society's acceptance and use of the technology.",
   "abstract": "While improved decentralized incentive designs can accelerate adoption, design alone will not suffice in promoting the decentralization of business and society.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization Neutralizers (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808873",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
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    "decentralized technology adoption at the level of business and society"
   ],
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-002",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808873-002",
   "text": "Habits formed by analog era socialization are a decentralization neutralizer: people raised in the analog age hold work and social habits that are very hard to change, and they attribute superiority to outdated technology formats even when the content is identical.",
   "abstract": "Analog habits remain strong. People who were raised in the analog age have been socialized into engaging in certain basic work related and social habits that are very hard to change.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization Neutralizers (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808873",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
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    "populations socialized before digital and decentralized technologies"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-007",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-007",
   "text": "The lack of developer liberalization carries negative societal consequences: when developers are restrained from building what they see as cutting edge and socially beneficial, society's own capacity to experiment with new technology is severely hampered.",
   "abstract": "The lack of developer liberalization has negative societal ramifications. If the developer community is restrained from building technology it sees as cutting edge and beneficial for society, societies' ability to experiment with such new technology solutions is severely hampered.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "developer communities constrained by centralized platform control"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
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   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-004",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5541658-004",
   "text": "The rapid adoption of deep learning and predictive analytics in law was driven by two enabling conditions: the increasing availability of digitized legal data and the computational power to process it.",
   "abstract": "The rapid adoption of these technologies was driven by the increasing availability of digitized legal data and the computational power to process it.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Morgan A. Gray, The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5541658",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "the 2010s wave of deep learning tools in legal practice"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e543a2d698fcd522d4d02e034cc9ee1344d0015d2c824b40b9e05ab7c0728c60",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-037",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:6421319-037",
   "text": "Incumbent institutions deploy decentralization neutralizers, defined as mechanisms that preserve institutional relevance by blocking technologies that threaten to replace them, yet institutional replacement is inexorable once technology enables superior coordination.",
   "abstract": "Incumbent institutions deploy what I have termed \"decentralization neutralizers,\" mechanisms that preserve institutional relevance by blocking technologies that threaten to replace them.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, The Collapse of Scarcity Economics (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6421319",
   "datePublished": "2026",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
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   "source_pdf_sha256": "0f4f68e56ee48bb8b2d73d3ab7fd96fa572e76c195694ffa740360704c1b172d",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "19 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'technology-adoption'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}