{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/technology-risk",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:technology-risk",
 "name": "Technology risk",
 "termCode": "technology-risk",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/technology-risk.md",
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 "additionalProperty": [
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   "name": "status",
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   "value": 4
  },
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   "value": 2
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   "value": [
    "2019",
    "2019"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3411110-013",
   "text": "The double spending problem has not been eradicated in theory: a group or syndicate obtaining 51 percent control of a network could reverse transactions and create a private chain that the market could only limitedly discern as not real.",
   "abstract": "There is the possibility a group or syndicate could gain 51% control over the network and would therefore be able to reverse transactions and create a private blockchain, which the market could only limitedly discern as not real.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Blockchain-Based Securities Offerings (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411110",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "a decentralized network where one party can amass majority hashing control"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "c7626eeb7642045b79f8745df1f7232a8fe8bc44a1f7e87b592850e35b392b50",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-020",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3411110-020",
   "text": "Blockchain based offerings introduce technology risks from code design and functioning and from third party intrusions that are generally absent in traditional offerings, and these risks cannot really be quantified.",
   "abstract": "Technology-based risks include risks from the design and functioning of code, and from third-party intrusions. Such risks are generally not present in a traditional offering.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Blockchain-Based Securities Offerings (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411110",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "blockchain based offerings compared with traditional offerings"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "c7626eeb7642045b79f8745df1f7232a8fe8bc44a1f7e87b592850e35b392b50",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-021",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3411110-021",
   "text": "Regulators' relative unsophistication about the technology is itself a risk driver, because a poorly informed regulator is likely to over-react and precipitate new or expanded regulation.",
   "abstract": "The relative unsophistication of the regulators and the lack of regulators' understanding of the technology could result in an over-reaction which in turn can precipitate creating new / expanding existing regulations.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Blockchain-Based Securities Offerings (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411110",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "regulators lacking technical understanding of blockchain"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "c7626eeb7642045b79f8745df1f7232a8fe8bc44a1f7e87b592850e35b392b50",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-036",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3411897-036",
   "text": "It is immaterial whether security incidents occur on centralized exchanges, on centralized systems appended to decentralized structures, or in the decentralized systems themselves, because the public perceives the resulting security concerns as a technology risk across all of these technologies.",
   "abstract": "structures or the decentralized systems themselves is immaterial in this context. The security concerns are seen by the public as a technology risk across technologies.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411897",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "public perception of cryptocurrency and blockchain security"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "82f0aea026b3e3a526ec51bc073b3b864dc06cd9083ff9c54c550037045edaa9",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'technology-risk'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}