# Throughput `kaal:entity:throughput` **Status.** derived This node is assembled mechanically from the 10 claims that carry the concept tag `throughput`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself. ## Every claim under this term 10 claims across 8 works, 2019 to 2025. **2019** - [3396522-032](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-032) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- The low transaction throughput of public blockchains is a core limitation holding back more advanced distributed applications and, with them, decentralized commerce. > The low transaction throughputs of public blockchains158 is a core limitation that holds back more advanced DApps. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Stable Cryptocurrencies (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3396522 - [3411110-017](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-017) [empirical/evidenced] -- The net and compress model used by post trade service providers exists because not every trade must be processed; on some estimates, processing every trade would require an additional 2.9 million orders per day. > According to some estimates, if every trade needs to be processed, providers would need to process an additional 2.9 million orders a day. Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Blockchain-Based Securities Offerings (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411110 - [3411897-023](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-023) [failure/asserted] *(failure mode)* -- The low transaction throughput of public blockchains is a core limitation that holds back more advanced distributed applications. > The low transaction throughputs of public blockchains is a core limitation that holds back more advanced DApps. Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411897 **2020** - [3606663-035](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-035) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- The tradeoff between transaction approval speed and immutability has the potential to undermine the DeFi infrastructure in the long run. > The trade-off between transaction approval speed and immutability has the potential to undermine the DeFi infrastructure in the long run. Kaal, Digital Asset Market Evolution (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3606663 - [3606663-037](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-037) [predictive/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Read together with the network capacity failure that CryptoKitties caused on Ethereum in December 2017, the expected DeFi growth rates imply that the Ethereum network will continue to experience network shortages and throughput problems unless its infrastructure is upgraded to handle the expected transaction volume. > the expected growth rate illustrated in Figures [__] and [__] could mean that the Ethereum network will continue to experience network shortages and throughput issues unless the Ethereum infrastructure is upgraded to deal with the expected volume of transactions. Kaal, Digital Asset Market Evolution (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3606663 **2021** - [3782216-004](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-004) [mechanism/argued] -- Decentralized banking addresses blockchain scaling, because the linear structure of a blockchain means that doubling the number of participants and transactions halves its speed. > Decentralized banking helps solve a major problem with blockchains called scaling. If you double the number of participants and transactions, the linear nature of the blockchain makes it slow down by half. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782216 - [3799320-006](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-006) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Working with suboptimal layer 1 blockchain solutions that carry high gas fees and low throughput delays the evolution of DAO infrastructure design, because innovation is inhibited by those layer 1 features. > Yet, working with suboptimal layer 1 blockchain solutions with high gas fees and low throughput delay the evolution of DAO infrastructure design as innovation and evolution is inhibited through suboptimal layer 1 features. Wulf A. Kaal, A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) of DAOs (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3799320 - [3808859-039](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-039) [design/asserted] -- A truly decentralized public blockchain must satisfy three simultaneous requirements: no points of centralization and corruption, full security at the level of proof of work, and transaction throughput above one hundred thousand transactions per second. > That is, a public blockchain that is not subject to points of centralization and corruption, that is fully secure at the level of proof of work security with a transaction throughput of over one hundred thousand transactions per seconds. Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859 **2025** - [5095633-021](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-021) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Human-in-the-loop annotation, including under ethical labor models, imposes financial and time costs large enough to slow the pace at which AI models can be upgraded. > The reliance on human annotators, even with companies striving for ethical labor practices like CloudFactory, involves significant costs, both financial and in terms of time, which can slow down the pace of AI model upgrades. Wulf A. Kaal, Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5095633 - [5095633-028](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-028) [condition/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Decentralized data annotation at scale is not operationally feasible without advances in consensus algorithms or layer-two scaling, because existing blockchain infrastructures cap transaction speed and network capacity. > existing blockchain infrastructures typically grapple with limits on transaction speed and network capacity. Continuous innovation in consensus algorithms, such as Proof of Stake or layer-two scaling solutions, is thus critical. Wulf A. Kaal, Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5095633 ## Verify Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust. curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/throughput.md | sha256sum **Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.