{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/tier-1-capital",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:tier-1-capital",
 "name": "Tier 1 capital",
 "termCode": "tier-1-capital",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
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   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
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   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2011",
    "2012"
   ]
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 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1908473-013",
   "text": "Letting national regulators keep their existing Tier 1 capital definitions creates a collective action problem: countries with stricter definitions appear to have less capital and thinner cushions than countries with broader ones.",
   "abstract": "This creates collective action problems. A country that uses stricter definitions of Tier 1 capital could appear to have less capital and thinner capital cushions than banks in countries with broader definitions for Tier 1 capital.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Christoph Henkel, Contingent Capital with Sequential Triggers (2011). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1908473",
   "datePublished": "2011",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Applies where EU wide harmonization of the Tier 1 definition is absent"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "9d578dac663357529edd1f6453fcfe69bdc59ac882408d9edfde5a4c2916befa",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-015",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:1998455-015",
   "text": "Divergent national definitions of Tier 1 capital produce a distortion: financial institutions in countries with stricter definitions that exclude contingent capital appear to hold less capital and thinner capital cushions than institutions in countries with broader definitions, and investors may read that appearance as a negative attribute.",
   "abstract": "Financial institutions in countries that use stricter definitions on Tier 1 capital and do not recognize contin- gent capital as Tier 1 capital could appear to have less capital and thinner capital cushions than financial institutions in countries with broader definitions for Tier 1 capital.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Initial Reflections on the Possible Application of Contingent Capital in Corporate Governance (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1998455",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "absent harmonized EU wide or international standards for Tier 1 capital"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "1c16ff10a284469ba15fb7ba5523449b917388ee692d9b394f9e8c094544e32c",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'tier-1-capital'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}