{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/token-concentration",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:token-concentration",
 "name": "Token concentration",
 "termCode": "token-concentration",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/token-concentration.md",
 "sha256": "3f1c7899adba00e9a42ee60b9abe993e89c54d2bbd3ffb901081666dec34639a",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
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   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
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   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2019",
    "2022"
   ]
  },
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   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-022",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3441904-022",
   "text": "Token concentration in existing decentralized protocols is extreme: on and around September 12, 2017, 4.11 percent of bitcoin addresses controlled 96.53 percent of the total bitcoin supply.",
   "abstract": "For instance, on and around September 12, 2017, 4.11% of the bitcoin addresses controlled 96.53% of the total bitcoin supply.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain-Based Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3441904",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "bitcoin addresses as of September 2017"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e6b562527f7f19accaa35491db0a0db168b6a936755e1dca424e9f30bee7a815",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-033",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4015908-033",
   "text": "If the top 10 addresses own a disproportionally large supply of a token, the project or community becomes more centralized, an outcome fair launches seek to avoid.",
   "abstract": "If the top 10 addresses own a disproportionally large supply of a token, then the project or community becomes more centralized; an outcome which fair launches seek to avoid.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Fair Token Launch (2022). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4015908",
   "datePublished": "2022",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "token supply concentration measured across top holder addresses"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e0925afde0c42a16cd5310983789fae3eb3d1f121e2954a72afa64191d00fe37",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'token-concentration'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}