{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/token-models",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:token-models",
 "name": "Token models",
 "termCode": "token-models",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
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 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 7
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   "value": 4
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
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   "value": [
    "2018",
    "2024"
   ]
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-002",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3249860-002",
   "text": "Any survey of token models is necessarily incomplete, because the economic experimentation inherent in crypto-economics continuously generates new token models and incentive designs.",
   "abstract": "Because the economic experimentation inherent in crypto- economics continuously generates new token models and incentive designs for tokens, the token model examination herein is naturally incomplete.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "72b13f11002ba26206cd53e74c324b913d1830c642bfa024da6bac0d3af3a7b0",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-023",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3249860-023",
   "text": "Among the top 100 tokens, currency and utility models are the most common, USDT is the only purely Stablecoin token, Steem and Maker are both Stablecoin and utility, and only four tokens are asset-backed.",
   "abstract": "Of the top 100 tokens, currency and utility tokens were seen most commonly. USDT was the only purely Stablecoin token; two tokens (Steem and Maker) were characterized as both Stablecoin and utility. Bytom, DigiByte, Syscoin, and Salt are asset-backed.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "N=100 dataset"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "72b13f11002ba26206cd53e74c324b913d1830c642bfa024da6bac0d3af3a7b0",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-025",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3249860-025",
   "text": "Seven of the top 100 tokens could not be classified into any token model, with NEM, VeChain, ICON, and Lisk qualifying as outliers with no justification and SUB's whitepaper failing to disclose which model best describes the token.",
   "abstract": "Seven tokens were outliers. NEO is a network enabling creation of asset-backed smart contracts.18 NEM, VeChain, ICON, Lisk were outliers with no justification. It was not clear in the whitepaper of SUB what token model type best describes the token.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "N=100 dataset",
    "classification based on issuer whitepapers"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "72b13f11002ba26206cd53e74c324b913d1830c642bfa024da6bac0d3af3a7b0",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-022",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3396522-022",
   "text": "Capping token supply, the dominant design choice in early cryptocurrency projects, is self defeating: fixing supply removes the core policy tool, minting additional tokens, that would otherwise address overvaluation, excessive speculation, market frenzy, and irrational exuberance.",
   "abstract": "In fact, fixing token supply removes the core policy tool, minting of additional tokens to increase supply, intended to address overvaluation, speculation, market frenzy and irrational exuberance.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Stable Cryptocurrencies (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3396522",
   "datePublished": "2019",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies to hardcoded fixed supply token designs"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "ef5031b16aa53476ed618f0bdf92601cd4affb893692c701134bd9cba3ea8acf",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-038",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4033886-038",
   "text": "As the cryptocurrency market matures, inflationary token models may become more popular, because they permit stability mechanisms and therefore more experimentation with volatility mitigation.",
   "abstract": "Several indicia seem to suggest that as the cryptocurrency market matures, inflationary token models may continue to become more popular. Inflationary token models allow the use of stability mechanisms, which may allow more experimentation with volatility mitigation.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Hayley Howe, Digital Asset Valuation (2022). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4033886",
   "datePublished": "2022",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "speculative",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "continued maturation of the cryptocurrency market"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "52ba05b1292b1be4bfaf1ee5cf56b14fea9c196d870603e794d7ee316df129bd",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-017",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4900880-017",
   "text": "The integration of tokenomics with quantum economics turns the abstract concepts of the framework into working mechanisms, supplying practical instruments for decentralized finance and participatory governance.",
   "abstract": "The integration of tokenomics with quantum economics operationalizes these abstract concepts, offering practical mechanisms for decentralized finance (DeFi) and participatory governance models.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Quantum Economy and the Future of Work (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4900880",
   "datePublished": "2024",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "64ea6e8b7cfb3d9a83801eba54f9b87182b842a963273ddab7f2d5305639db73",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-038",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4900880-038",
   "text": "Compensation inside a DAO can be programmed to pay out automatically against predefined criteria such as task completion, performance metrics, or contribution, which cuts administrative overhead and makes distribution timely and consistent.",
   "abstract": "Compensation can be programmed to be distributed automatically based on predefined criteria, such as task completion, performance metrics, or contribution to the organization. This automation reduces administrative overhead and ensures timely and fair distribution of rewards.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Quantum Economy and the Future of Work (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4900880",
   "datePublished": "2024",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [],
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   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "7 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'token-models'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}