# Token staking

`kaal:entity:token-staking`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 3 claims that carry the concept tag `token-staking`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

3 claims across 2 works, 2019 to 2021.

**2019**

- [3396542-009](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-009) [design/argued] -- The design requires underwriters to stake or encumber tokens against each policy they underwrite, and those encumbered tokens serve to secure the underwriters' promises.
  > Fourth, the design requires the underwriters to "stake" or "encumber" an appropriate number of tokens against each policy they underwrite. These tokens in effect serve to secure the promises of the underwriters.
  Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Decentralized Underwriting (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3396542
- [3396542-010](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-010) [design/argued] -- The number of tokens an underwriter must encumber is set by a preset formula whose objective is to make the value of the encumbered tokens sufficient to meet any claim arising at any point in the policy's life.
  > The number of tokens to be encumbered is based on a preset formula with the objective of ensuring that the value of the encumbered tokens is sufficient to meet any claims that may arise at any point in the life of the policy.
  Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Decentralized Underwriting (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3396542

**2021**

- [3981021-029](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-029) [mechanism/argued] -- Reputation staking avoids the corruptive effects of fungible token staking because non fungible reputation has to be built organically through merit and time, needs to be earned, and cannot be bought.
  > Second, the reputation staking design avoid the corruptive effects of fungible token staking because non-fungible reputation has to be built organically through merit and time, it needs to be earned and cannot be bought.
  Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3981021

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/token-staking.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.