{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/uniformity",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:uniformity",
 "name": "Uniformity",
 "termCode": "uniformity",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/uniformity.md",
 "sha256": "1d15ec0f95f759c59647a60aa794045e1a8e2a7065c9a074a5ab107e11cd7613",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 3
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2004",
    "2017"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-029",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-029",
   "text": "A single body of arbitrators affiliated through an association is better positioned than the courts of separate Member States to develop a systematic and consistent approach to the conflict of laws problems unique to the incorporation theory.",
   "abstract": "A single body of arbitrators, affiliated through an association, is theoretically at least in a better position to develop a more systematic and consistent approach to conflict of laws problems unique to the incorporation theory.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "early stages of Type B regulatory competition in Europe"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-036",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-036",
   "text": "It is unclear whether corporations with CIAs will be uniformly affected, and future courts are likely to expand the basic legal duty of care only where the facts suggest that the CIA actually provided directors with more knowledge about compliance activities.",
   "abstract": "In light of the Pfizer precedent, future courts could hold directors of corporations that executed CIAs to a higher standard and thereby expand their basic legal duty of care if the facts suggest that CIAs provided directors with more knowledge about compliance activities.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "speculative",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "future litigation following the Pfizer precedent",
    "facts showing the CIA increased director knowledge"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-015",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2998033-015",
   "text": "Digital ownership interests in private investment funds may fall outside the commodity definition because crypto limited partnership interests cannot be uniform across producers, unlike Bitcoin whose uniformity underlies the CFTC's commodity classification.",
   "abstract": "Thus, because of a lack of uniformity, it may be possible that digital ownership interests in private investment funds cannot be classified as commodities.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Innovation for Private Investment Funds (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2998033",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "turns on uniformity across producers as the dispositive characteristic of a commodity"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "aafb1be3c25cd33da477d759df9ca2f856f0a8fe133d6396da2e75d0af573dbd",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'uniformity'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}