{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/whitepapers",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:whitepapers",
 "name": "Whitepapers",
 "termCode": "whitepapers",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/whitepapers.md",
 "sha256": "3782d3798dfc5822885613514c86397de7174b8fd019c28b6a269519743d1073",
 "additionalProperty": [
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 1
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2018",
    "2018"
   ]
  },
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  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-017",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3249860-017",
   "text": "Many token whitepapers omit information necessary for a full economic analysis, and the research team could not find a single project among the top 100 that had examined blockchain governance fully.",
   "abstract": "Many whitepapers do not include all the information that would generally be necessary for a full economic analysis. For instance, the researchers could not find a project that had examined blockchain governance fully.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "whitepapers of the top 100 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization as of April 2018"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "72b13f11002ba26206cd53e74c324b913d1830c642bfa024da6bac0d3af3a7b0",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-025",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3249860-025",
   "text": "Seven of the top 100 tokens could not be classified into any token model, with NEM, VeChain, ICON, and Lisk qualifying as outliers with no justification and SUB's whitepaper failing to disclose which model best describes the token.",
   "abstract": "Seven tokens were outliers. NEO is a network enabling creation of asset-backed smart contracts.18 NEM, VeChain, ICON, Lisk were outliers with no justification. It was not clear in the whitepaper of SUB what token model type best describes the token.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860",
   "datePublished": "2018",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "N=100 dataset",
    "classification based on issuer whitepapers"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "72b13f11002ba26206cd53e74c324b913d1830c642bfa024da6bac0d3af3a7b0",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'whitepapers'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}