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 "text": "Centralized decentralization: simple economics of the DPoS blockchain governance should be assessed against Kaal's source-bound claim that SPoS is far more computationally efficient than proof of work implementations because nodes no longer hash mine; the only computation added beyond the block validity checking every blockchain performs is one validation pool per block, in which each node sends a single up or down vote transaction. The current metadata indicates a plausible connection through blockchain governance, but the defensible response is a qualification until the source text confirms agreement, scope, methods, and limitations.",
 "author": {
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  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
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  "External evidence level: abstract indexed.",
  "Mapping review tier: mapping review before claim review.",
  "The literature-to-claim mapping remains explicitly ambiguous and should not be treated as a settled equivalence."
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  "url": "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/965f6d45e77d6b5d8107726b430ab7e5bcb5ed89"
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  "identifier": "kaal:claim:3125827-032",
  "url": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-032",
  "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827",
  "paper": "Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol",
  "authors": [
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  "year": "2018",
  "ssrn": "https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827",
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 "mappingMethod": "idf-weighted multi-field mapping v1",
 "mappingWhyRelevant": "Shared high-information concepts: economics, blockchain, abstract, proof, stake, block, vote, per. Scope: comparison against PoW chains such as bitcoin and Ethereum.",
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  "query": "blockchain governance",
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  "retrievedAt": "2026-07-31T13:59:00.198Z",
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  "venue": "Applied Economics Letters",
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