{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "Claim",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/positions/2026-07-31-6165",
 "identifier": "kaal:position:2026-07-31-6165",
 "additionalType": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/positions/schema.json#AffirmedPositionClaim",
 "name": "Streaming Initial Coin Offerings 72241C8Afa",
 "text": "Initial Coin Offerings presents the following source proposition: ICOs are smart contracts based on blockchain technology that are designed for entrepreneurs to raise external finance by issuing tokens without an intermediary. This proposition is pertinent to Kaal's source-bound claim that Because Ethereum's decentralized platform incorporating smart contracts lets developers build applications directly on its blockchain, the majority of developers chose to write smart contracts on the Ethereum Virtual Machine rather than create their own blockchain technology, giving ICOs a uniform protocol. The proposed response is an extension: the relationship should remain limited to the retrieved source proposition and the mapped Kaal claim unless fuller source review supports a broader conclusion.",
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
 },
 "datePublished": "2026-07-31",
 "dateModified": "2026-07-31",
 "creativeWorkStatus": "Affirmed",
 "responseType": "extension",
 "keywords": [
  "smart-contracts",
  "open-source-and-code",
  "historical-response",
  "scholarly-literature",
  "openalex"
 ],
 "scope_conditions": [
  "The response is limited to the retrieved source proposition and mapped Kaal claim unless fuller source review supports a broader conclusion.",
  "External evidence level: abstract indexed.",
  "Mapping review tier: moderate-confidence claim review.",
  "Primary mapping confidence: 0.4333.",
  "The source-to-claim mapping remains explicitly ambiguous and is published with that limitation."
 ],
 "currentDebate": {
  "name": "Initial Coin Offerings",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233018"
 },
 "extends": {
  "identifier": "kaal:claim:3067615-004",
  "url": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-004",
  "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Initial Coin Offerings Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, and Red Flags (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3067615",
  "paper": "Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Initial Coin Offerings Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, and Red Flags",
  "authors": [
   "Wulf A. Kaal"
  ],
  "year": "2017",
  "ssrn": "https://ssrn.com/abstract=3067615",
  "source_pdf_sha256": "164ce15b9eb1e8847ebcb073f5b23a96b4974ad0308d77469a9455d4a1ebeb38"
 },
 "isBasedOn": [
  {
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-004"
  },
  {
   "@type": "CreativeWork",
   "name": "Initial Coin Offerings",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233018"
  }
 ],
 "batch_id": "kaal-review:2026-07-31:streaming-etl-0003",
 "review_provenance": "https://kaal-signal-desk.wulf577462.chatgpt.site/#review",
 "publicationStatus": "public",
 "recordTypeNote": "Dated commentary position extending a scholarly corpus claim. Not a verbatim claim extracted from the paper.",
 "isPartOf": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/positions/index.json"
 },
 "version": "1.0",
 "canonical_url": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/positions/2026-07-31-6165",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/positions/2026-07-31-6165.md",
 "candidateId": "kaal:response-draft:2026-07-31:fa9619df62f97603c8ae",
 "evidenceLevel": "abstract indexed",
 "reviewTier": "moderate-confidence claim review",
 "mappingConfidence": 0.4333,
 "mappingAmbiguous": true,
 "mappingMethod": "idf-weighted multi-field mapping v1",
 "mappingWhyRelevant": "Shared high-information concepts: initial, coin, offerings, icos, smart, contracts, blockchain, technology. Scope: ICO market through 2017.",
 "sourceProvenance": {
  "source": "openalex",
  "sourceRecordId": "https://openalex.org/W3126006919",
  "queryId": "concept:ee778ad15ea3",
  "queryText": "decentralized autonomous organization",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233018",
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0233018",
  "externalIds": {
   "OpenAlex": "https://openalex.org/W3126006919",
   "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pone.0233018",
   "MAG": "3126006919",
   "PMID": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32437413"
  },
  "retrievedAt": "2026-07-31T17:52:12.173Z",
  "providerPage": 10,
  "rawObservationSha256": "47705d61428450370801caaab95b88b9a8be03b832180e193be5126e37680ec2",
  "inputSnapshotSha256": "bdb2cd83e925a3abd26bab9a4375d1355c1d8fbab8736869dc7845f3ba159924",
  "inputLine": 9365,
  "chunkId": "openalex-00005",
  "workId": "work:doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233018",
  "workAuthors": [
   "Paul P. Momtaz"
  ],
  "workPublishedAt": "2020-05-21",
  "identityKeys": [
   "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233018",
   "openalex:https://openalex.org/w3126006919",
   "url:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233018",
   "title:b5789837d43295b192b13889",
   "proposition:bbb5e7d453d44763d5bf3573ea8cc33186c130f277a003ff04b91e6debd050fa"
  ],
  "sourceProposition": "ICOs are smart contracts based on blockchain technology that are designed for entrepreneurs to raise external finance by issuing tokens without an intermediary.",
  "sourcePropositionSha256": "4e6187d5c0e9d5b03bc6b1ab2a0134353f72b48b6e988f645982a8893712542b",
  "sourcePropositionIndex": 0,
  "claimMappings": [
   {
    "claimId": "kaal:claim:3067615-004",
    "claimUrl": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-004",
    "rank": 1,
    "confidence": 0.4333,
    "method": "idf-weighted multi-field mapping v1",
    "whyRelevant": "Shared high-information concepts: initial, coin, offerings, icos, smart, contracts, blockchain, technology. Scope: ICO market through 2017.",
    "ambiguous": true
   },
   {
    "claimId": "kaal:claim:3117224-008",
    "claimUrl": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-008",
    "rank": 2,
    "confidence": 0.3528,
    "method": "idf-weighted multi-field mapping v1",
    "whyRelevant": "Shared high-information concepts: initial, coin, offerings, smart, contracts, economics. Scope: review source claim scope.",
    "ambiguous": true
   },
   {
    "claimId": "kaal:claim:3067615-038",
    "claimUrl": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-038",
    "rank": 3,
    "confidence": 0.3362,
    "method": "idf-weighted multi-field mapping v1",
    "whyRelevant": "Shared high-information concepts: initial, coin, offerings, smart, contracts. Scope: ongoing ICO sales governed by smart contracts.",
    "ambiguous": true
   },
   {
    "claimId": "kaal:claim:3117224-022",
    "claimUrl": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-022",
    "rank": 4,
    "confidence": 0.3301,
    "method": "idf-weighted multi-field mapping v1",
    "whyRelevant": "Shared high-information concepts: initial, coin, offerings, blockchain, technology. Scope: United Kingdom.",
    "ambiguous": true
   },
   {
    "claimId": "kaal:claim:4900878-031",
    "claimUrl": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-031",
    "rank": 5,
    "confidence": 0.326,
    "method": "idf-weighted multi-field mapping v1",
    "whyRelevant": "Shared high-information concepts: smart, contracts, blockchain, tokens, intermediary, security. Scope: smart contract based blockchain transactions.",
    "ambiguous": true
   }
  ]
 },
 "userAffirmation": "I affirm batch kaal-review:2026-07-31:streaming-etl-0003, SHA-256 8afd77518bf3e6dff3e21ea20524a254cd29e7e4678a80362a24c26c8dc039e2, as written and authorize publication of all 250 response claims on my canonical property, preserving their evidence levels, ambiguity labels, provenance, and the unchanged 5,033 scholarly claims.",
 "sha256": "1187b7c943ca5cb6a328bad57d8666f5fac866edafb05637ed0930409146ec53"
}