# kaal:position:2026-07-31-6526

**Affirmed position.** Title: Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and IT Governance: The basis for DeFi, CBDC and tokenized assets. presents the following source proposition: DeFi does not rely on intermediaries and centralized institutions. This proposition is pertinent to Kaal's source-bound claim that Between 2011 and 2018 there were 56 cyberattacks on cryptocurrency exchanges, initial coin offerings and other digital currency platforms worldwide, totaling $1.63 billion in hacking related losses. The proposed response is an extension: the relationship should remain limited to the retrieved source proposition and the mapped Kaal claim unless fuller source review supports a broader conclusion.

**Status.** affirmed  **Published.** 2026-07-31

**Holds when.**

- The response is limited to the retrieved source proposition and mapped Kaal claim unless fuller source review supports a broader conclusion.
- External evidence level: abstract indexed.
- Mapping review tier: moderate-confidence claim review.
- Primary mapping confidence: 0.3521.
- The source-to-claim mapping remains explicitly ambiguous and is published with that limitation.

**Current debate.** Title: Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and IT Governance: The basis for DeFi, CBDC and tokenized assets.: https://doi.org/10.4301/s1807-1775202522013

**Extends.** kaal:claim:3936876-015: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-015

**Scholarly basis.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876

**Source PDF sha256.** `9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55`

**Evidence level.** abstract indexed

**Mapping review tier.** moderate-confidence claim review

**Mapping confidence.** 0.3521  **Mapping ambiguous.** true

**Topics.** defi, consensus-and-security, empirical-evidence, historical-response, scholarly-literature, openalex

**Provenance.** Affirmed in kaal-review:2026-07-31:streaming-etl-0005 at https://kaal-signal-desk.wulf577462.chatgpt.site/#review.

**Record type.** This is a dated commentary position that extends a scholarly corpus claim. It is not a verbatim claim extracted from the paper.

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the position.