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 "text": "Pujadas, Valderrama, and Venters independently support Kaal's account of APIs as a mechanism for weakening vertically controlled value chains. Their abstract reports that, instead of locking in complementors, web APIs integrate capabilities across organizations for the co-production of services and products. This agrees with Kaal's claim that modular API connections can substitute for controlling an entire value chain, while the external source emphasizes capability integration and reduced lock-in rather than Kaal's cost-and-ease rationale.",
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  "name": "The value and structuring role of web APIs in digital innovation ecosystems: The case of the online travel ecosystem",
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  "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859",
  "paper": "Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades",
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