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 "name": "Verification Technology Can Expand The Firm Boundary",
 "text": "Baker and Hubbard make firm boundaries observable as a response to verification technology. Using detailed trucking data, they examine whether on-board computers changed the contractibility of driver actions and, through that change, truck ownership. Adoption reduced driver ownership, especially for long hauls. It moved production toward more integrated asset ownership. The result supports Kaal's proposition that a firm's boundary can vary with the technology used to verify performance. It also qualifies it sharply: better verification did not make the firm disappear. In this setting, it reduced independent contracting and produced larger firms.\n\nThe comparison remains bounded. On-board computers monitored truck drivers in one industry. They did not test autonomous agents, computational abundance, or Kaal's residual verification architecture, and the results do not establish that every improvement in verification expands firm boundaries. Baker and Hubbard show instead that direction depends on how contractibility alters incentive and bargaining costs. Their evidence supports the empirical program. It does not establish a universal boundary rule.",
 "author": {
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  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
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  "Baker and Hubbard study truck ownership and monitoring of drivers in one industry. They do not study autonomous agents or computational abundance.",
  "The source tests contractibility and asset ownership. It does not test Kaal's residual verification architecture.",
  "The evidence does not establish a universal direction for the effect of verification technology on firm boundaries.",
  "The relationship is a qualification of the empirical program. The boundary response depends on how contractibility changes incentive and bargaining costs."
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  "name": "Contractibility and Asset Ownership: On-Board Computers and Governance in U.S. Trucking",
  "url": "https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553042476152"
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  "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Computative Economics: A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7261481",
  "paper": "Wulf A. Kaal, Computative Economics: A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance",
  "authors": [
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  "year": "2026",
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