# kaal:position:2026-08-08-371

**Affirmed position.** Blockchain Technologies: Probability of Double-Spend Attack on a Proof-of-Stake Consensus quantifies two attack strategies. Their success probabilities depend on network parameters and confirmation depth. The authors use those results to derive the number of confirmations a vendor should await before delivering goods or services. These findings extend Kaal's claim that fixed consensus rules cannot eliminate strategic attacks by independent nodes. Transaction finality and confirmation depth bound, but do not remove, proof-of-stake double-spend risk. Only the Crossref-indexed abstract passed because the publisher PDF returned HTTP 403. No inference reaches every proof-of-stake protocol.

**Status.** affirmed  **Published.** 2026-08-08

**Holds when.**

- The response is limited to the exact Crossref proposition and the one mapped Kaal claim.
- External evidence level: current Crossref record, frozen review receipt, and exact evidence passages.
- Mapping review tier: independent substantive general-literature extension.
- The retained evidence is limited to the Crossref-indexed abstract because the publisher PDF returned HTTP 403.
- The result does not establish the same attack probability across every proof-of-stake protocol.
- The publisher PDF returned HTTP 403. No full-text inference was used.

**Current debate.** Blockchain Technologies: Probability of Double-Spend Attack on a Proof-of-Stake Consensus: https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196408

**Extends.** kaal:claim:3125827-001: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-001

**Scholarly basis.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827

**Source PDF sha256.** `598d9bd95e4af7a0a35328677c6bfc069f69f2e32c30c720b3a0be98a23a40cb`

**Evidence level.** Current Crossref record with immutable review receipt

**Mapping review tier.** independent substantive general-literature extension

**Mapping confidence.** 0.62  **Mapping ambiguous.** false

**Topics.** consensus-and-security, regulatory-failure, blockchain, governance-design, scholarly-literature, crossref, evidence-provenance

**Provenance.** Affirmed in kaal-review:2026-08-08:continuous-crossref-0036-all-0106-reviewed-v1 at https://wulfkaal.github.io/positions/by-date/2026-08-08.html.

**Record type.** This is a dated commentary position that extends a scholarly corpus claim. It is not a verbatim claim extracted from the paper.

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the position.