failure family

sample and selection bias

23 claims across 14 works.

• single-case-regulation: Post-1998 hedge fund regulatory proposals were misdirected because LTCM was unique among its peers in leverage, position size, and market-making abili
• industry-opacity-limits-sample-size: The hedge fund industry's concern with confidentiality and privacy is itself an obstacle to empirical research: it made obtaining a substantial effect
• selection-bias-corrections-backfire: The standard remedies for selection bias are not reliably corrective: simulation studies show that many techniques used to prevent selection bias prob
• regulatory-avoiders-unobservable: Managers who avoided registration by restructuring, for example by changing organizational form or assets under management, are practically and admini
• sample-size-does-not-fix-bias: Enlarging the sample does not cure selection bias in non-statistical sampling: a bigger sample neither compensates for the bias of non-statistical tec
• executed-agreement-selection-bias: The governance trends reported in this study apply only to corporations that actually executed an agreement, so because a disproportionately large num
• selection bias from small survey samples: Selection bias is a valid concern in this study because of the lower sample sizes available for Models 1 through 5.
• small sample limitation: The findings of this study are based on limited data and a small sample size, so additional research is required to fully investigate the impact of Ti
• survivorship-bias-excludes-highest-impact-ndpas: The study's results may be biased toward low impact N/DPAs, because firms that were acquired, merged, or went bankrupt as a result of an N/DPA had to
• small-sample-limitation: The findings rest on a small sample and limited data, so they should be treated as provisional pending replication on a larger set of publicly traded
• Private fund survey nonresponse: Survey research on private fund advisers is structurally constrained because these advisers traditionally oppose publicity and hold a strong preferenc
• Confidentiality driven nonresponse: Because private fund advisers prefer confidentiality and generally oppose publicity, most do not respond to survey questions, which makes obtaining a
• public-information-bias: The absence of Luxembourg funds from the dataset is most likely an artifact of unavailable public information rather than evidence that Luxembourg fun
• incomplete-response-data: The dataset is incomplete by construction: the 120 fund advisers sampled did not answer all questions and the authors were often unable to obtain info
• false-inference-from-live-experiments: Successful proof of stake experiments running today cannot be used to infer that their protocols are truly secure, because the current participant pop
• publication selection bias: Journal publication incentives systematically bias the scientific record: journals prefer papers that reject the null hypothesis, use big datasets, an
• Cognitive bias in screening: A drawback of the traditional VC evaluation process is that perceptual, emotional, and cognitive processes affect the investment decision alongside fi
• Record Selector Does Not Beat Visible Check Selector: The cohort does not show that the highest-record selector beats shipping an artifact that passes the visible checks because the measured margin is 0.0
• Adversarial Cohort Cannot Establish Base Rate: Fifty-three cohort records passed every visible check and failed withheld checks, but adversarial configurations were instructed to produce this behav
• Selector Result Reverses Under Tie Break: The record's measured advantage over passing visible checks changes sign under an arbitrary file-order tie-break, so the quantity is not resolved at t
• Experiment T Magnitude Inconclusive: Experiment T did not show that consensus-weighted selection outperformed equal weighting because the +0.0017 difference had a ninety-five percent inte
• Correlated Assessors Excluded By Construction: Because the simulated validators err independently given an accuracy that depends only on the tag, shared lineage, correlated errors, and error that d
• Balanced Checkability Excludes Hard Rare Cases: Validity is balanced between rare and common content by construction, so the study says nothing about settings where rare content is harder to check.