Extension: Blockchain Technologies: Probability of Double-Spend Attack on a Proof-of-Stake Consensus

Record: kaal:position:2026-08-08-371 · 2026-08-08

Blockchain Technologies: Probability of Double-Spend Attack on a Proof-of-Stake Consensus quantifies two attack strategies. Their success probabilities depend on network parameters and confirmation depth. The authors use those results to derive the number of confirmations a vendor should await before delivering goods or services. These findings extend Kaal's claim that fixed consensus rules cannot eliminate strategic attacks by independent nodes. Transaction finality and confirmation depth bound, but do not remove, proof-of-stake double-spend risk. Only the Crossref-indexed abstract passed because the publisher PDF returned HTTP 403. No inference reaches every proof-of-stake protocol.

Affirmed commentary position. This record extends a source-bound scholarly claim but is not a verbatim paper claim.

Holds when

The response is limited to the exact Crossref proposition and the one mapped Kaal claim.
External evidence level: current Crossref record, frozen review receipt, and exact evidence passages.
Mapping review tier: independent substantive general-literature extension.
The retained evidence is limited to the Crossref-indexed abstract because the publisher PDF returned HTTP 403.
The result does not establish the same attack probability across every proof-of-stake protocol.
The publisher PDF returned HTTP 403. No full-text inference was used.

Current debate

Blockchain Technologies: Probability of Double-Spend Attack on a Proof-of-Stake Consensus

Scholarly basis

kaal:claim:3125827-001
Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827
Source PDF sha256: 598d9bd95e4af7a0a35328677c6bfc069f69f2e32c30c720b3a0be98a23a40cb

Evidence and mapping

Evidence: Current Crossref record with immutable review receipt
Review tier: independent substantive general-literature extension
Mapping confidence: 0.62
Mapping ambiguous: false

Topics

consensus-and-security regulatory-failure blockchain governance-design scholarly-literature crossref evidence-provenance

Provenance

Affirmed in kaal-review:2026-08-08:continuous-crossref-0036-all-0106-reviewed-v1 on 2026-08-08. Review record.

Verify

Canonical markdown sha256: 1b6993119a01208cd52ebf51931816b6e4ee72c860aa3863f76ac678971b515d
curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/positions/2026-08-08-371.md | sha256sum